The people of the early Middle Ages never saw a textbook of Roman history. They were ignorant of many things which every school-boy today knows before he has entered the third grade. But the Roman Empire, which is merely a name to you, was to them something very much alive. They felt it. They willingly recognised the Pope as their spiritual leader because he lived in Rome and represented the idea of the Roman superpower. And they were profoundly grateful when Charlemagne, and afterwards Otto the Great, revived the idea of a world-empire and created the Holy Roman Empire, that the world might again be as it always had been.
中世纪的人们从未读过任何一本有关罗马历史的教科书。事实上，他们在许多事情上显得非常无知，甚至连现代的小学三年级儿童应该了解的起码知识他们都不具备。但对于罗马帝国，它在你们现代读者看来仅仅是一个空泛的名词，而在他们眼里却不亚于活生生的现实。他们用皮肤和心灵体会到它的存在。他们甘心情愿地承认教皇是自己的精神领袖，因为教皇住在罗马城，代表着罗马帝国这一深人人心的伟大观念。当查理曼大帝及后来的奥托大帝复兴了"世界帝国"的梦想，创建起神圣罗马帝国，人们打心眼里是觉得欣喜和感激，因为他们心目中的世界本该是这个样子。
But the fact that there were two different heirs to the Roman tradition placed the faithful burghers of the Middle Ages in a difficult position. The theory behind the medi?val political system was both sound and simple. While the worldly master (the emperor) looked after the physical wellbeing of his subjects, the spiritual master (the Pope) guarded their souls.
不过，罗马传统存在着两个不同继承人这一事实，却将中世纪虔诚顺服的自由 民们推向了尴尬的两难处境。支撑中世纪政治制度的理论明确而简单，即世俗世界的统治者（皇帝）负责照顾臣民们物质方面的利益，而精神世界的统治者（教皇）负责照顾他们的灵魂。
In practice, however, the system worked very badly. The Emperor invariably tried to interfere with the affairs of the church and the Pope retaliated and told the Emperor how he should rule his domains. Then they told each other to mind their own business in very unceremonious language and the inevitable end was war.
不过在实际执行的时候，这一体系暴露出许多难以克服的毛病。皇帝总是试图插手教会事务，而教皇针锋相对，不断指点皇帝应怎样管理他的国家。继而，他们开始用很不礼貌的语言相互警告，让对方别多管闲事。这样一来二往，双方便免不了要大打出手了。
Under those circumstances, what were the people to do, A good Christian obeyed both the Pope and his King. But the Pope and the Emperor were enemies. Which side should a dutiful subject and an equally dutiful Christian take?
在此情形下，普通老百姓能怎么办呢？一个好的基督徒是既忠于教皇又服从国王的。可教皇与皇帝成了仇人。作为一个负责任的国民，同时又是一个虔诚的教徒，他到底应该站在哪一边呢？
