维生素
B1 是细胞正常运作和促进最佳生长发育所必需的。 Vitamin B1 is necessary for cells to function properly and for promoting optimal growth and development.
B 族维生素复合物包括八种维生素。维生素 B1 或硫胺素是其中重要的一种。硫胺素是一种水溶性维生素，在新陈代谢中具有重要作用。
The B vitamin complex includes eight vitamins. Vitamin B1, or thiamin, is an important one among them. Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin and has important roles in metabolism.
维生素B1在我们体内的作用是什么？
What is the function of vitamin B1 in our body?
维生素 B1 在能量代谢中具有重要作用，有助于激活参与能量代谢的酶。因此，细胞必须正常运作并促进最佳生长发育。
Vitamin B1 has an important role in energy metabolism and helps activate enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Therefore, it's necessary for cells to function properly and for promoting optimal growth and development.
它在生成 ATP（体内的基本能量分子）方面发挥着关键作用。它还参与某些氨基酸的代谢，如亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸，以及间接参与脂肪代谢。 B1 的代谢活性版本被称为硫胺素二磷酸。
It plays a critical role in generating ATP, the basic energy molecule in the body. It's also involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids like leucine, isoleucine and valine, as well indirectly in fat metabolism. The metabolically active version of B1 is known as thiamine diphosphate.
什么是维生素 B1 的良好来源？
What are good sources of vitamin B1?
全谷物、肉类和鱼类是维生素 B1 的良好来源。蒸谷米已被证明可以丰富维生素，包括维生素 B1。米糠和麸皮油也是很好的来源。
Whole grains, meat and fish are good sources of vitamin B1. Parboiling rice has been shown to enrich vitamins including B1 vitamin. Rice bran and bran oil are also very good sources.
在美国，面包、谷物和牛奶都含有硫胺素。面包和谷物是儿童饮食中维生素 B 1 的重要来源。猪肉也是主要来源。
In the United States, bread, cereals and milk are fortified with thiamin. Bread and cereals form an important source of vitamin B 1 in a child's diet. Pork is also a major source.
烹饪可以将硫胺素水平降低 30%。由于维生素是水溶性的，用水做饭，把煮好的水倒掉，也会降低维生素的含量。天然来源构成您孩子饮食中维生素 B1 膳食来源的 50%，其余来自美国的强化食品。
Cooking can reduce thiamin levels by 30%. Since the vitamin is water soluble, cooking with water and throwing away the cooking water can also reduce the vitamin content. Natural sources form 50% of the dietary source of vitamin B1 in your child's diet, and the rest comes from fortification of foods in the U.S.
硫胺被小肠吸收。维生素主要储存在肝脏中，储存量有限。因此，您孩子的身体需要定期补充维生素 B1。肠道菌群产生维生素 B1，但数量非常少——太小了，不重要。
Thiamin is absorbed in the small intestine. The vitamin is mostly stored in the liver and the storage is limited. Therefore, your child's body needs a regular source of vitamin B1. The gut bacterial flora makes vitamin B1, but in very small quantities – too small to be significant.
什么导致硫胺素缺乏？
What causes thiamin deficiency?
幸运的是，硫胺素缺乏症在美国和其他发达国家并不常见。硫胺素缺乏的原因可能是饮食摄入不足、胃肠道吸收不良，有时还可能是由于体重迅速减轻。
Fortunately, thiamin deficiency is uncommon in United States and other developed countries. Thiamin deficiency can occur due to poor dietary intake, poor gastrointestinal absorption and, sometimes, due to rapid weight loss.
营养状况不佳（营养不良）或饮食摄入量有限且未补充维生素的儿童——例如患有自闭症或饮食失调的儿童——可能容易缺乏硫胺素。
Children who may have poor nutritional status (malnutrition) or with tendencies for limited dietary intake and not on vitamin supplementation – for example, children with autism or with eating disorders – may be prone for thiamin deficiency.
在患有短肠综合征（由多种原因引起）的儿童中可能会出现吸收不良，有时在患有影响粘膜（肠内壁）的疾病的儿童中可能会看到吸收不良，他们也有严重的营养不良。对于成年人来说，慢性酒精中毒是硫胺素缺乏的一个众所周知的原因，因为它会降低维生素 B1 的吸收和储存。
Poor absorption may be seen in children with short bowel syndrome (from many causes) and sometimes in children with disorders affecting the mucosa (lining of the bowel), who also have severe malnutrition. For adults, chronic alcoholism is a well-known cause of thiamin deficiency, as it decreases B1 absorption and storage.
控制不佳的 1 型或 2 型糖尿病患者可能容易出现硫胺素缺乏症，因为尿量过多。目前尚不清楚低硫胺素状态与这些患者额外补充的益处之间的相关性。
Patients with poorly controlled Type 1 or 2 diabetes may be prone to developing thiamin deficiency, due to high urine loss. The relevance of low thiamin status and benefit of extra supplementation in these patients are not clear at this point.
HIV/AIDS 患者可能会出现低硫胺素状态，继发于营养不良状态。
Patients with HIV/AIDS may develop low thiamin status, secondary to poor nutritional state.
长期使用呋塞米（一种通过增加尿量来治疗体液过多的药物）可能会导致维生素 B1 缺乏。这可能是由于较高的尿液流失，其重要性需要进一步调查以了解补充剂的实用性。
Long-term use of Furosemide, a medicine use to treat fluid overload by increasing urine output, may cause B1 deficiency. This is likely due to higher urinary losses and the significance of this needs further investigation to look at the practicality of supplementation.
硫胺素缺乏的症状是什么？
What are the symptoms of thiamin deficiency?
在硫胺素缺乏的早期阶段，患者可能会出现体重减轻、食欲下降、意识模糊和短期记忆丧失、肌肉无力和心脏相关症状（如心力衰竭）的恶化。
In early stages of thiamin deficiency, patients may have worsening weight loss and reduced appetite, confusion and short-term memory loss, muscle weakness and heart-related symptoms such as heart failure.
硫胺素缺乏的典型表现称为脚气病，患者会出现身体神经受累的症状，尤其是手臂和腿部，导致虚弱、感觉丧失和肌肉萎缩（周围神经病）。在极少数情况下，它会导致心力衰竭，导致体内积液过多，有时结果不佳。
The classic presentation of thiamin deficiency is called beriberi, where patients develop symptoms of involvement of the nerves of the body, particularly the arms and legs, causing weakness, loss of sensation and wasting of muscles (peripheral neuropathy). Rarely, it can cause heart failure, causing excess fluid accumulation in the body, sometimes with poor outcomes.
脚气病在美国并不常见，但可能会出现。 Wernicke-Korsakoff 综合征虽然罕见，但与脚气病相比相对更常见。虽然这种情况见于患有慢性酒精中毒的老年患者，但也可能见于因长期胃肠道疾病或其他严重营养不良原因而营养状况不佳的大龄儿童，他们正在接受静脉注射糖（葡萄糖）。如果不治疗，这些患者中有五分之一可能会出现致命的后果。
Beriberi is uncommon in United States, but may be seen. Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, though rare, is relatively more common compared to beriberi. Though this is seen in older patients with chronic alcoholism, it may been seen in older children with poor nutritional status from long-term gastrointestinal disease or other causes of severe malnutrition, who are being given intravenous sugar (dextrose). A fifth of these patients could have a fatal outcome if not treated.
如何诊断硫胺素缺乏症？
How is thiamin deficiency diagnosed?
医生可能会根据临床特征并寻找潜在的根本原因来怀疑硫胺素缺乏。医生可能会测量血液中的硫胺素水平，但该水平可能会因硫胺素的短期摄入量而有所不同，这使得解释变得困难。
Doctors may suspect thiamin deficiency based on the clinical profile and looking for potential underlying causes. Physicians may measure thiamine levels in blood, but the levels could vary based on short-term intake of thiamine, making interpretation difficult.
通过测量依赖硫胺素活性的酶活性，可以通过某些专业中心进行最佳测试。尿液硫胺素水平也可能是一个有用的工具。
The best tests may be available through certain specialized centers by measuring an enzyme activity that is dependent on thiamin for its activity. Urine thiamin levels may also be a useful tool.
如何治疗硫胺素缺乏症？
How is thiamin deficiency treated?
识别高危患者并补充维生素，包括 B1 维生素，是预防硫胺素缺乏症的最佳方法。 应与您孩子的儿科医生或初级保健提供者讨论适合年龄的剂量和配方。
Identifying high-risk patients and supplementing vitamins, including B1 vitamin, is best way to prevent thiamine deficiency. Age appropriate dosing and formulation should be discussed with your child's pediatrician or primary care provider.
确保您的孩子吃含硫胺素的良好饮食总是让您领先一步。 一旦怀疑与硫胺素缺乏相关的症状，医生可能会下令进行测试以确认诊断。
Ensuring that your child eats a good thiamin-containing diet always keeps you a step ahead. Once symptoms related to thiamin deficiency are suspected, doctors may order tests to confirm the diagnosis.
但是，由于缺陷的潜在严重性，我们不会等待测试进行治疗。 这些患者生病了，必须在医院接受监测和治疗，有时在重症监护室。 医生根据孩子的体重和年龄决定硫胺素的剂量。 在严重缺乏状态下，初始剂量是静脉内给药，然后是口服补充剂。
However, we do not wait for the tests to treat due to the potential serious nature of the deficiency. These patients are sick and have to be monitored and treated in hospitals, sometimes in an intensive care setting. Doctors decide on the dose of thiamin based on the child's weight and age. In severe deficiency states, the initial doses are given intravenously, followed by oral supplementation.
