基本心理学术语
Basic Psychology Terms
如果您正在对心理学术语进行基本审查，您可能会看到一些单词出现在您的研究中。这些术语对所有领域的心理学家和治疗师来说都是通用的。基本心理学术语包括：
If you're doing a basic review of psychological terms, you may see some words pop up in your studies. These terms are common to psychologists and therapists in all fields. Basic psychology terms include:
anxiety - worry or fear that is not proportional to reality.
attachment theory - Henry Harlow's theory of the four attachment styles (secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized).
attitude - a person's mindset that changes in different situations.
bias - feeling prejudice for or against something.
Big Five - the five main personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness).
catharsis - relief that occurs unconscious thoughts become conscious.
cognition - mental activity (e.g., understanding, creativity, problem-solving).
consciousness - one's awareness of the world around them.
construct - a method of thinking or theory.
coping mechanism - tool to manage and/or relieve stress.
defense mechanism - tool to defend oneself against emotional trauma or stress.
delusions - beliefs that are held even when proven wrong.
ego - part of Freud's model of the psyche that balances the conflict between the moral conscience (superego) and primal instincts (id).
emotional intelligence - one's ability to regulate, process, and express emotions.
extrovert - a person who gains energy from being around other people.
hierarchy of needs - Maslow's theory that people's motivations come from four levels of needs.(physiological, safety, love and belonging, and self-esteem) that lead to self-actualization.
id - the primal, instinctual part of Freud's model of the human psyche.
intelligence quotient (IQ) - score that measures a person's cognitive abilities.
introvert - a person who feels energized after time alone.
long term memory - memory system that stores information for a long period.
mindfulness - ability to use all five senses to focus on the present moment.
nature vs. nurture - debate about whether one's genes (nature) are more or less influential than they way they were raised (nurture).
paradox - a contradictory statement.
pathology - scientific study of disease and/or behavior.
personality - one's standard pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
projection - defense mechanism that applies one's own negative behavior to others.
schema - mental model that includes prior knowledge and expectations.
self-actualization - the highest need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs; the need to realize one's full potential.
short-term memory - memory system that only stores information for a short amount of time.
self-efficacy - one's knowledge and confidence that they can meet challenges.
stress - the negative effect of challenging circumstances on one's mental and emotional wellbeing.
superego - part of Freud's model of the psyche that handles moral decisions; also known as the conscience.
焦虑 - 与现实不成正比的担忧或恐惧
依恋理论 - 亨利哈洛的四种依恋风格理论（安全、回避、焦虑和混乱）
态度 - 一个人在不同情况下会改变的心态
偏见 - 对某事感到偏见或反对
大五 - 五个主要的人格特质（神经质、外向性、开放性、宜人性和尽责性）
宣泄 - 发生无意识思想的缓解变得有意识
认知 - 心理活动（例如，理解、创造力、解决问题的能力）
意识 - 一个人对周围世界的认识
建构 - 一种思考或理论的方法
应对机制——管理和/或缓解压力的工具
防御机制 - 保护自己免受情绪创伤或压力的工具
妄想 - 即使被证明是错误的信念
自我 - 弗洛伊德心理模型的一部分，平衡道德良心（超我）和原始本能（id）之间的冲突
情商——一个人调节、处理和表达情绪的能力
外向 - 一个从与他人相处中获得能量的人
需求层次——马斯洛的理论，即人们的动机来自导致自我实现的四个层次（生理、安全、爱和归属感以及自尊）
本我——弗洛伊德人类心理模型的原始本能部分
智商 (IQ) - 衡量一个人认知能力的分数
内向 - 一个人在独处后感到精力充沛
长期记忆——长期储存信息的记忆系统
正念 - 使用所有五种感官专注于当下的能力
先天与后天 - 关于一个人的基因（先天）是否比他们被抚养的方式（后天）影响更大或更少的争论
悖论 - 一个矛盾的陈述
病理学 - 对疾病和/或行为的科学研究
个性——一个人的标准思维、感觉和行为模式
投射 - 将自己的消极行为应用于他人的防御机制
图式 - 包括先验知识和期望的心理模型
自我实现——马斯洛需求层次中的最高需求；需要充分发挥自己的潜力
短期记忆 - 仅在短时间内存储信息的记忆系统
自我效能——一个人能够应对挑战的知识和信心
压力 - 具有挑战性的环境对一个人的心理和情绪健康的负面影响
超我 - 弗洛伊德处理道德决定的心理模型的一部分；也被称为良心
心理状况或障碍的词语
Terms for Psychological Conditions or Disorders
当一个人的行为或经历与常态不同时，他们通常会被贴上各种疾病的标签。但重要的是要确切了解这些疾病的含义以及如何诊断它们。您可能会听到的一些心理障碍或状况的常见术语是：
When a person's behavior or experience differs from the norm, they're often labeled with various disorders. But it's important to know exactly what these disorders entail and how they are diagnosed. Some common terms for psychological disorders or conditions that you may hear are:
addiction - psychological and physiological dependence on a substance or behavior.
antisocial personality disorder - personality disorder marked by a pattern of behaviors that are not socially acceptable.
anorexia nervosa - eating disorder characterized by the need to restrict one's eating in order to control one's weight.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - disorder marked by one's inability to focus, sit still, or control impulsive behavior.
bipolar disorders - mood disorders that fluctuate between depressive and manic episodes.
borderline personality disorder - personality disorder in which a person exhibits impulsive, erratic behavior and unstable relationships.
bulimia nervosa - eating disorder marked by a person's compulsion to binge and purge food in an effort to control their weight.
cognitive dissonance - state of anxiety that occurs when a person encounters information that contradicts their beliefs.
dementia - condition in which one experiences significant cognitive decline.
depression - mood disorder marked by lack of motivation, energy, and joy.
dissociative disorders - disorders in which a person protects themselves from emotional trauma by detaching from reality for short or long periods of time.
eating disorders - disorders in which one attempts to control their environment by controlling their eating habits.
generalized anxiety disorder - pattern of persistent worry about typical events.
histrionic personality disorder - personality disorder marked by one's desire for attention and propensity for high emotions.
hypochondriasis - disorder in which one believes they have a serious illness or disease.
insanity - legal term that indicates a person's inability to take responsibility for their actions.
mental illness - psychological condition that makes it difficult to function.
mood disorders - disorders in which one experiences rapid, volatile mood swings.
Munchausen syndrome - disorder in a person seeks attention by fabricating an illness (known as Munchausen by proxy in the case of a caregiver fabricating illness in a child or patient).
narcissistic personality disorder - disorder in which a person's sense of extreme importance leads to a lack of empathy.
obsessive-compulsive disorder - anxiety disorder characterized by an obsessive and/or compulsive need to control one's environment.
panic disorder - the experience of constant and unexpected panic attacks.
personality disorders - patterns of behavior and experience that are not typical to one's primary culture or environment.
phobia - anxiety disorder that is characterized by an extreme, irrational fear.
post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - condition in which an environmental trigger causes a person to re-experience the stress or trauma of a traumatic event.
psychosis - perception that is extremely distorted and divergent from reality.
psychosomatic - a physical illness brought on by one's belief that they are ill.
schizoid personality disorder - personality disorder that inhibits a person's social skills and emotional processing.
schizophrenia - disorder in which one experiences an alternate reality, which may include hallucinations, delusions, and erratic behavior.
substance abuse - pattern of drug use that adversely affects one's life.
成瘾 - 对物质或行为的心理和生理依赖
反社会人格障碍 - 以一种不被社会接受的行为模式为特征的人格障碍
神经性厌食症 - 以需要限制进食以控制体重为特征的进食障碍
注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) - 以无法集中注意力、坐着不动或控制冲动行为为特征的障碍
双相情感障碍 - 在抑郁和躁狂发作之间波动的情绪障碍
边缘型人格障碍 - 一个人表现出冲动、古怪的行为和不稳定的人际关系的人格障碍
神经性贪食症 - 饮食失调的特征是一个人为了控制体重而强迫暴饮暴食和清除食物
认知失调 - 当一个人遇到与他们的信念相矛盾的信息时发生的焦虑状态
痴呆症 - 一个人经历显着认知衰退的情况
抑郁 - 以缺乏动力、精力和快乐为特征的情绪障碍
分离性障碍 - 一个人通过短期或长期脱离现实来保护自己免受情绪创伤的障碍
饮食失调 - 人们试图通过控制饮食习惯来控制环境的失调
广泛性焦虑症 - 持续担心典型事件的模式
表演型人格障碍——以渴望关注和情绪高涨为特征的人格障碍
疑病症 - 人们认为自己患有严重疾病或疾病的疾病
精神错乱 - 表示一个人无法为自己的行为负责的法律术语
精神疾病 - 导致难以运作的心理状况
情绪障碍 - 一种经历快速、不稳定的情绪波动的障碍
Munchausen 综合征 - 一个人的疾病通过编造疾病来寻求关注（在护理人员在儿童或患者身上编造疾病的情况下，称为 Munchausen by proxy）
自恋型人格障碍 - 一个人的极端重要性导致缺乏同理心的障碍
强迫症 - 以控制自己环境的强迫性和/或强迫性需要为特征的焦虑症
恐慌症 - 持续和意外的恐慌发作的经历
人格障碍 - 与一个人的主要文化或环境不典型的行为和经验模式
恐惧症 - 以极端、非理性恐惧为特征的焦虑症
创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) - 环境触发导致一个人重新体验创伤事件的压力或创伤的情况
精神病 - 极度扭曲和与现实背道而驰的知觉
心身疾病 - 一种因相信自己生病而引起的身体疾病
分裂样人格障碍 - 抑制一个人的社交技能和情绪处理的人格障碍
精神分裂症 - 一种经历另一种现实的障碍，其中可能包括幻觉、妄想和古怪的行为
药物滥用 - 对一个人的生活产生不利影响的药物使用模式
